1957 Jamboree and 1958 Colorado River

As I worked through the photos of Dave and Betty Donaldson, I stumbled on some pictures sent from Dad. Dad, Milo Paul Ross, attended the 1957 Boy Scout Jamboree in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. I thought I would share those photos along with some other items I have scanned related to that trip. Since there were a couple of photos from the 1958 High Adventure Trip, I thought I would include those too.

First, be aware that the Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville Councils published a book about their trip. “Onward for God and My Country” was the motto. I have scanned the entire book – it is provided below.

The book says the trip occurred in July 1957. The book provides plenty of photos of the highlights. These few photos show what Dad thought was interesting enough to take pictures.

The trip took them east through a variety of states. Included was Chicago, Detroit, and Palmyra. Stops included the Sacred Grove and Smith Farm. Albany, Springfield, Boston, and New York City.

Dad does not recall the names or even knowing anyone in the photos at Jamboree.

I remember Dad talking about the Statue of Liberty. They climbed the stairs to the crown. He also indicated that at that time they let some of them climb to the torch. It was a very memorable experience. He also mentioned the Empire State Building and Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Vice President Nixon addressed the Scouts.

Kammeyer’s supported the Jamboree.

For those LDS Scouts, Harold B Lee and Delbert L Stapley spoke to the boys on Sunday. Here is a letter Dad wrote home while there.

I previously wrote about Dad and scouting. Here is his Eagle Scout picture.

Milo Paul Ross achieved Eagle Scout

Here is a note Grandpa made about this picture.

Milo Ross, Bill McBride, Leon Taylor, Freddy Cox Eagle Announcement
Milo James Ross commented about Milo Paul Ross receiving his Duty to God award on 27 April 1959
Duty to God Award
Letter from Church Headquarters

Here are a couple of the photos from the Colorado River rafting trip. Dad thinks there are more photos. He does not remember or recognize any of the individuals in the photos.

Dad remembered they had to pull out of the river to go around the Glen Canyon Dam construction.

~

~

~

~

Both of these were trips of a lifetime. Neither have been forgotten.

Another clip, I don’t know the year or time.

Navy Air Show – 1945

Back (l-r): Bob Reading, Smo Smolinsky, Dick West, Jack Seabolt, Norm Reid, Bill Plunkett, Skull Nelson, Wes Harper, Junior Locher; Front: Jack Simmerman, Bob Johnson, Mike Michaelson, Al Thorngren, Norm Schram, Hoot Nejdl, Ted Wallover.

I continue to scan photos that belonged to my Great Uncle and Aunt, Dave and Betty Donaldson. This one had names typed on the back. Chauncey “Mike” Michaelson married my Grandma’s sister, Dena Donaldson on 7 December 1943 in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.

This photo says “Navy Air Show” at “NAS Santa Rosa, Calif.” on 31 March 1945. Dena and Mike had a son born 29 October 1944 in Brigham City, Utah.

The back of the card has the names written on it. I assume it is accurate as it was likely from the time, but the handwriting gives further definition. I can also tell there are a number of nicknames, so I wasn’t able to find most of the people listed in the photo. Either the name was too common or the name given is not sufficient.

Wes Harper – could be Wesley Raymon Harper (1922 – 1982) of Larned, Kansas.

Bob Johnson – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Junior Locher – could be Junior Lewis Locher (1919 – 2003) of Glasgow, Virginia.

Chauncey De Orr “Mike” Michaelson (1922 – 2006) of Montpelier, Idaho.

Hoot Nejdl – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Skull Nelson – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Bill Plunkett – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Bob Reading – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Norm Reid – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Norm Schram – could be Norman Hayner Schram (1922 – 2011) of Pontiac, Michigan.

Jack Seabolt – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Jack Simmerman – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Smo Smolinsky – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Al Thorngren – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Ted Wallover – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

Dick West – could not find anyone that seemed to fit.

~

Riverton Classical Academy moves forward with partnerships

Former Cache Physician Dies in Fairfield, Idaho

I wrote previously of a book I have that belonged to my Great Grandfather, Joseph Nelson Jonas. The book was given to me by Ellis Jonas along with a couple of others. Inside the book was this clipping, presumably put there by my Great Grandmother, Lillian Coley Jonas. I have no clue about its significance, if any. It was clipped and put there in the book for some reason.

“Word was received yesterday afternoon of the death of Dr. Wm. B. Parkinson, Jr., of Fairfield, Idaho. He had been ailing for the last year and was being treated for heart trouble at the time of his death in a hospital at Twin Falls, Idaho.

He was a son of the late Dr. Wm. B. Parkinson, Sr., and Elizabeth B. Parkinson, of Logan and was born at Morgan, Dec. 24, 1877, moving to Logan with his father’s family when a small boy. He graduated from medical school in Chicago and came back and practiced in Wellsville and Logan and settled in Lewiston where he practiced for many years. Later he moved to Fairfield, Idaho, where he was practicing at the time of his death.

“Surviving are his wife and the following children: Mrs. Ben Red of Price, Mrs. Hugh Johnstone of Oakland, Calif., Floyd Parkinson and Mrs. Beth Blair of Lewiston, Paul of Price, and Peggy Parkinson of Lewiston, and seven grand children.

“The brothers and sisters are Mrs. George W. Leishman, Mrs. Ada England, Elizabeth Parkinson, and Mrs. Afton Nielsen of Logan, Mrs. Winnifred Jennens of Detroit, Michigan. Dr. George T. Parkinson, Twin Falls, Ida., Mrs. Hazel McAlister of Preston, Dr. Fred B. Parkinson, Cedar City. Mrs. Veda Worley of Salt Lake, Mrs. Karma Parkinson of Franklin, Dr. Wallace Parkinson of San Francisco, Calif., Don Parkinson of Texas, Mrs. Edith Shaw of Provo, and Mrs. Arthur Rallison of Whitney, Idaho.

“Funeral services are being held at Fairfield, Idaho Thursday morning at 10 a. m. Burial will be at the Logan cemetery. Short services will be held at Logan graveside at 3 p. m. Friday.

“Friends may call at the W. Loyal Hall mortuary in Logan Friday from 10 a. m. to time of graveside rites.

Jonas History: Joseph Jonas and Annette Josephine Jonas

This is another chapter of the Jonas history book compiled by Carvel Jonas. “The Joseph Jonas clan of Utah (including – early Jonas family history; early Nelson family history)” I am re-posting this as I received much better photos of Joseph and Annie, so those are now included!

Joseph and Annie Jonas 1883

“Joseph Jonas was born 10 January 1859.  We learn the exact date and year because of research and the United States Census.  His death certificate has the year of birth as 1858, and the headstone has Oct 1, 1860.  I was told that members of the family couldn’t remember if he was born 10/1 – Oct. 1st or 1/10 – Jan 10.  Fortunately, when Grandpa Jonas was asked during the 1900 census he told them January 1859.  So we know he was born 10 January 1859.  Also, all the other census records but one seem to agree.  Joseph was born at Frenchtown, Monroe County, Michigan.  His father was Hubert Jonas, who was born 8 Oct 1816 at Kirchheim, Rheinland, Prussia (Germany).  His mother was Maria Catharina Schumacher, who was born 13 September 1815 at Oberdrees, Rheinland, Prussia.  Joseph was the sixth and last son of a family of all boys.  These three older brothers were born at Rheinbach, Rheinland, Prussia.  These three older brothers died before marrying.  Joseph lived with his family on the family farms in Michigan until 1879.  Joseph was educated in the public schools in Michigan and could read and write.  Joseph remained a member of the Catholic Church and went to St. Michaels Parish, which is still located at 502 West Front Street, Monroe, Michigan.  This was a mostly German Parish, and this is the Parish that recorded Joseph’s older brother, John who was buried Sept 1870.  Joseph moved with his family in 1871 to Ash Township.  There the Jonas land was bordered by a railroad on its east border and was probably was the place where Joseph first became introduced to a very long career working on the railroad.  In 1879 the family sold their land in Michigan and moved to Nebraska, Platte County, in a place called Pleasant Valley.  This is where Joseph’s mother died in March of 1880.  Pleasant Valley was a large area of county and the place where Joseph visited is now called St. Bernard.  St. Bernard was a German settlement, and is probably the reason that first attracted the family to the area.  His father and brother, William, farmed with a man named Michael Jonas.  It was first believed that this other Jonas family was a branch of ours.  Research proved this incorrect.  Our Jonas family owned no land in Nebraska.  Members of our family helped this other family to operate their farm for 4-5 years.
   

“Joseph had a long career working with section gangs for railroads.  By the time he was 21 years old, (maybe before this age) until he was about 57 years old he worked for the railroads in section gangs.  The only exception was a year and a half when he tried farming.  That is over 35 years that we know of.  “A section gang was a group of men – muscular, sunburned, streaked with dust and sweat; using crowbars and mallets.  They were maintenance crews, the housekeepers of the railroad.  All summer they chip away at their allotted section of railroad roadbed, weeding, spraying, burning, resurfacing, reballasting, repairing the ravages of frost and rain.  The crew rode a handcar, which was nothing more than a flat, open truck on wheels, which raised about a couple of feet above the rails.  It could be lifted on and off the tract by four men, two at each end.  The men stood up to pump the handles by which it was propelled”  Joseph’s work consisted in “Keeping the track in good level order.  He used a jack to raise the sunken rails, shoveling earth beneath the ties to keep them in place.  Besides the regular pay, they made overtime when there was any special work to be done, as unloading gravel trains.  Only a few hands were kept on past November in the Northwest where Joseph mostly worked, two on a section.  The rest got free passes, there being next to no work on the track until the frost breaks up.”  Much of the information about section work was adapted from “Section Life in the North-West,” an anonymous article published in “Cornhill Magazine,” in January 1888.     

“When Joseph worked for the Great Northern Railroad he had to keep the track he was working cleared when the Fast Mail came.  A train that carried the U.S. Mail from St. Paul to Seattle traveled the track once a day.  The men had to be careful to get out of the way for the train.   

“Research indicates that Joseph used the following tools: claw bars, line wrenches, spike malls, adzes and tongs.  Each of the rails were thirty three feet long, and were held together by bolts and fishplates.  The men who worked on the railroad comprised the most cosmopolitan crew in American History.  They included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and German Immigrants, Mormons and atheists, Indians and Chinese.  They would ride the rails on their hand cars replacing rotting ties, tamp loose spikes and tighten bolts.  Joseph’s daily wages averaged in 1892 $1.76 to $2.20 in 1914 a day as a section foreman (statistics found in Railway Statistics of the USA published in 1917).   

“Now a little early history about great grandmother, Annette or Annie Nelson Jonas.  Annette Josephine Nelson was born 18 November 1864.  Logan 4th ward records tell us she was given a priesthood blessing 2 Feb 1865.  She was born one month after her parents had arrived in Utah from their immigration from Sweden.  She was born in a temporary dugout on College Hill, Logan, Utah.  Her parents were Johannes Nilsson, (He later changed the last name to Nelson, and also used Neilsen at one time).  He was born 4 Oct 1827 in Tonnersjo, Hallands, Sweden.  Her mother was Agneta Bengtsson who was born 9 December 1832 in Oringe, Hallands, Sweden.  Annie was the sixth child of her family.  Her husband, Joseph, was also the sixth child in his family.  She had ten siblings, 5 sisters and 5 brothers.  When Annie was born it was raining, so members of the family put pans on the bed to catch the water as it dripped through the sod roof.  Annie’s older brother, August, told about this day in his life history.  The following is a quote from he history.      “We were just moved into your home when Annette Josephine was born…She was the first child born in the Logan fifth ward.  Mother was alone except for James (an older brother) and me.  James sent to fetch father who was threshing wheat for John Anderson.  When he arrived with a sister, mother had already taken care of herself and the baby.”  The Nelson family had joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints the year they left Sweden.  They had built a temporary dugout until they could build a wooden cabin the following year.  That winter was very hard for everyone in the area.  An early January thaw had caused the snow to melt and the water inside the dugout was knee deep.  Boards were used so the family could walk without wading in the water.  They bailed out the home and went back the same night.    

“When Annie was a baby the following events happened.  “When mother went gleaning, I (August) had to stay with the baby (Annie).  One day I left her on the bed while I went out to play.  She rolled off the bed and got a big lump on her head.  She was still crying when mother came home.”  When Annie was almost nine years old her mother died, 4 November 1873.  It was just about 14 days before Annie’s ninth birthday.  And just six days before her birthday her infant brother, Moses, died.  Moses was less than a month old when he died 12 November 1873.  When Annie was about 11 years old her father remarried.    The three younger children were raised by a stepmother.  We have no details now, but life was very unpleasant for these three children because of the relationship with this stepmother.  This marriage didn’t last more than eight years.  Before Annie’s mother died she said to her son, “August, if I die, I want you to take care of the children.”  He continues, “That had always been my job around the house.  Later one evening mother kissed me and said, “You have been a good boy.  God bless you.”  With a smile she turned her head and breathed her last.  God alone knows what little children lose when mother is gone.  While she was sick I heard her say, “I don’t want to leave my little children.”  Little did I know or realize what home would be like without her.  She was more than ordinarily ardent and spiritually minded with high ideals, had a comprehensive knowledge of the gospel.”   

“Annie had light red hair and blue eyes.  Annie’s mother her sister Abigail, and her first daughter, Margaret, all had red hair.  Annie wasn’t very much taller than five feet, and was slender.    

“While Annie was a teenager she went to work in a boarding house.  She didn’t like living at home with her stepmother and her step siblings.  While she was working at the boarding house she met Joseph Jonas, who was renting a room.  Joseph had a dark, wavy hair and brown eyes.  During their courtship Annie received a letter from her brother, August.  He said, “I suggested to her that she marry a Mormon boy.  Her reply was that Mormon boys were not as genteel as a Gentile.”  With Annie’s unhappy life at home she must have thought marriage would be a better life.  Annie was married the same month she turned 19 years old.  Joseph was 24 years old, two months shy of being 25 years old when they were married.  They were married November 1883 in Logan, Utah.  Since Annie was born in November she may have been married on her birthday, but the day isn’t known.  Joseph was 5 years older than Annie.  Their first child was born 17 Jun 1884 in Logan, Utah.  I am told Annie’s children would come early, before the normal nine months.  Shortly after their first child was born Annie and Joseph moved to central Washington State near or at Ellensburg, Kittitas County.  That move was made before the birth of their second child, Mary, who was born 17 Jul 1885.  The rest of their children, seven in total, were all born at or near Ellensburg.  They eventually lived in several, little towns near Ellensburg, such as Bristol in the 1890’s, Thorp in 1901, and Cle Elum 1900.  Annie and Joseph moved to Washington because Joseph’s father and brother, William, had moved there from Nebraska about this same time in 1883-84.   

“By 21 Jun 1887 Joseph and his brother bought 240 acres of land.  Their father, Hubert, was living with the two families.  An 1885 census of Washington Territory has William’s wife, Emma, Joseph’s wife, Annie, our great grandmother, living at the same place.  The land was about three miles south east of Ellensburg according to the speedometer on our car when we drove the distance.  These two sister-in-lays, Annie and Emma, would help each other take care of their babies.  Annie’s daughter, Rosa, said they washed the clothes on a washing board and then would take them, especially the diapers, down to the creek.  The clothes were rinsed to get all the soap out of them.  Then they would hand the diapers over some bushes to dry.     

“The families shared responsibilities.  Rosa and some of Uncle Williams children would take the cows out on the plateau to graze.  Mary and Margaret would help take care of the house.  There were a lot of rattle snakes in the area.  Occasionally Rosa Jonas would take a forked stick and hold the snakes head down.  Then the boys would stone the reptile to death.  One time the snake was so large it pounded the ground and jumped until it got loose.  The kids never realized the danger they were in until years later.  Fortunately, no one was hurt.  Another time a large, wild cat kept attacking the cows so the kids brought the cows home.  When their parents got upset at them for bringing the cows home the kids told them about the large cat.  Uncle William Jonas rode his horse to the plateau and found the large cat tracks so the parents knew the kids were telling the truth.     

“Joseph and William sold their 240 acres 28 Dec 1888 for 100 dollars in gold coins.  They owned the land for a year and six months.  Joseph gave up farming and went to work for the railroad again, much of the time working as the section gang boss.  William stayed in the area as a farmer and homesteaded.  William lived about three miles north of Ellensburg.  While the two brothers, Joseph and William were buying their land a third brother, Francis Jonas, came to live with them.  On 5 Sept 1887 Francis baptized his son at the St. Andrews Church in Ellensburg.  For a time Joseph’s two brothers and his father lived together as a family in the same area.   

“An important date for the Jonas families must have been 3 April 1886.  This day there were three Jonas children baptized.  Joseph and Annie’s daughter, Mary; Williams and Emma’s two children, Elizabeth and Hubert.    

John, Joseph, and William Jonas probably right before moving to Utah in 1901. The photo is stamped with Ellensburg on the matting.

“It seems that Joseph and Annie rented after this time in 1889.  William’s family lived close and the cousins would visit each other.  Uncle William’s family had a gorgeous watermelon patch.  William’s children chided Joseph’s children because they didn’t have a watermelon patch.  One night, Rosa, John, William and Joseph swiped a watermelon and ate it.  They didn’t want anyone to know so they fed the rhines to the pigs.  The pigs wouldn’t eat the rhines.  So uncle William’s kids discovered the rhines and the kids were caught.    Joseph, soon after selling his land, began working for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. He became a section foreman for the railroad.  Both the 1900 and 1910 United States Census tell us he was a section foreman.  Joseph would also make money besides working on the railroad.  In the fall of 1895 the whole family went and picked hops.   

“Joseph and Annie lived together as husband and wife for 13 years and one month.  Annie’s mother, Agneta; Annie’s youngest sister, Abigail; her oldest daughter, Margaret; Annie’s Granddaughter, Verla; and also Annie all had a similar physical condition.  Some of the symptoms were that the heart would palpitate of flutter, not fully beating.  And their womanly cycles would last up to six months and then stop for two months.  There was a chemical imbalance in their systems.  Today we would call this PMS or premenstrual syndrome.  In our family it is apparently passed from daughter to daughter, and sometimes it skips a generation.  It also seems that it is harder to live with after each pregnancy, but during the pregnancy it goes away.  Annie had a severe case of this chemical imbalance.  After each pregnancy her condition made her more emotionally imbalanced.  During her seventh pregnancy she lost the baby girl who lived only a few hours.  Rosa and some of the family gave the baby daughter the name of her mother, Annette Josephine and later sealed her to her parents.  Lillian, who was Joseph Nelson Jonas’ wife, had a dream.  In this dream her husband was carrying an infant in his arms.  That experience got the family thinking and Rosa remembered the baby being born.  While Annie was having contractions with this seventh baby she went to her husband who was at work.  Joseph was very upset with his wife for not staying home.  Some say that Joseph did a very foolish thing while he was upset, and kicked Annie where the baby was.  I’m not sure why this happened, or what the entire circumstances were at the time.  On 12 August 1896 the little girl was born.  With Annie’s history of chemical imbalance getting worse and emotional health came to the last straw.  I am certain that both Joseph and Annie felt guilt that the baby died, and blamed themselves to some degree.  Joseph took Annie to the Eastern State Hospital in Spokane Country, Washington State.  She was admitted 29 December 1896, a little over four months from the time Annie lost her last baby.  After the baby died Annie continued to loose blood for several months after.  Annie agreed to go to the hospital.  The night before she went to the state Hospital her children knew something was wrong of different.  Annie put on her nice clothes, curled her hair and slept with her children.  The next morning Joseph and Annie took the train to Spokane.  While Annie was gone Margaret, the oldest child, was in charge of the household.  The children knew that if they didn’t mind Maggie she would tell Joseph when he came home from work.     

Margaret Jonas

“After Annie was admitted to the hospital she was later sent home 31 October 1899 after 2 years and 11 months of hospitalization.  Annie was just 32 years old when she first went to the state hospital.  She had her 32nd birthday a little over a month before.  She had been admitted four days after Christmas.  With needed time to travel she must have left just a day or two after Christmas.  It was probably delayed until after Christmas so she could have one last holiday with the children.  Later she was discharged on Halloween day.  Just about a month before she was discharged, 21 September 1899, Joseph and Annie’s daughter Mary Nelson Jonas had died.  Perhaps after the loss of this daughter Joseph thought of bringing his wife home to the family again.  The family was still living in the Ellensburg area.  The stay was short.  She was home for six months and 11 days.  Then she was readmitted 11 May 1900.  Her name is on the 1900 general census taken in Spokane County while she was at the hospital.  Annie never saw her daughter, Mary Nelson, after her 11th birthday because Annie wasn’t home when she died.     

Annie Nelson Jonas 1900

“After Annie was readmitted the second time she stayed for 14 months until 2 Jul 1901.  On this day she was released by her family and taken to Utah.  On the 3rd of July 1901 Joseph, Annie and their five living children arrived in Utah at Annie’s brother’s home in Sandy.  Joseph and Annie’s sister, Charlotte, were hopeful if Annie associated with her family, the Nelson’s, it might help her emotional and mental health.  Annie’s brother, August, had this recorded in his life story, “…my sister, Charlotte Abigail, lived with us that summer (Sandy, Utah-1893).  When she went to Logan that fall she had the fever.  Later, (1901), she went to Washington to visit with our sister, Annie, wife of Joseph Jonas.  Annie had been sick for a very long time, but none of us knew the nature of her illness until Charlotte brought the whole family to Utah with her.  It turned out to be a mental illness.  She kept running away so we finally had to put her in the institution at Provo, where she died a short time after…”  “…There were five children.  It was sad to see sister in her condition.  I had not seen her since 1878, (Annie was 13 years old in 1878 until November)…Her daughter told me that before she lost her mind she would hold her head in her hands and moan, will not my father or brothers come and get me?  …Her husband destroyed her letters to us so we never knew what she was going through.”  Joseph and Annie’s children did write to the Nelson’s while they were living in Washington because we have some letters or post cards that have survived.  So it is the belief of the author that Annie could have found a way to communicate with the Nelson’s.   

“August was asked to care for the children by his mother when she was on her death bed.  Instead, he left home when Annie was 13 years old and never saw her again until she was almost 29 years old.  In his life story August said that instead of caring for the children he wanted to go and “make money.”  To his credit August did help his other sister, Charlotte, when she was older.  But it would have helped if care could have been given when the children were young.   

“After Annie arrived at her brother’s home in 1901 Annie stayed with them for a few days over four months.  Then August and his wife signed the warrant of commitment for Annie to be admitted to the Provo State Hospital 6 November 1901.  Annie’s records are still at the state hospital in Provo.  Annie remained there for 6 years 11 months until she died 23 December 1907 and was buried 25 December on Christmas Day.  She was buried in the Crescent cemetery.  For some reason the Nelson’s never put a headstone on her grave.  Years later members of the Jonas family, probably William Nelson Jonas, placed a headstone on her grave.  Annie was a young 43 years old when she died, the same age that her mother Agneta, had died.   

A copy of Annie’s Utah State Mental Hospital records are included after. There is very little in the record, but it is telling what little is included.

“While the Jonas family lived with the Nelson’s Joseph Jonas worked on August’s farm.  He was not a free quest.  While they were there it became harvest time.  Joseph worked with both families.  Joseph wasn’t a tall person, 5’6″ or 5’7” but he was a very strong man.  He often boasted that he could take the place of two men in the field.  Joseph worked on the threshing machine.  He lifted the bags of grain off the thresher.     

“Annie’s brother, August, condemned grandmother for not raising her family in the LDS church.  He would bring out his temple cloths and according to Rosa Jonas who was there, made grandma cry.  He would say, “This is what our mother was buried in.”  Then he would show her the temple clothes.  This happened a few times and grandma was so upset on time that she spit on her brother.  August probably had good intentions, but he handled the situation wrong.  Annie was a women who was sick and just released from a state hospital.  She needed special consideration and understanding.   

Joseph and Margaret Jonas about 1899

“Joseph and August had arguments, too.  August persuaded the Jonas children to stay in Utah and not go back with their father to Washington.  Rosa remembered that her father shook his fist at her and said “You remember where you belong.”  Finally, Joseph went back to Washington with only one of his five living children, Margaret.  The rest stayed in Crescent.  The four Jonas children finally went to Richmond, Utah.  Rosa married in 1904 and in 1908 the three boys left Sandy to live with their sister.     

Christian & Rosa Andersen

“An interesting book that may help the reader of this story to understand the life of Annie had while she was in the state hospitals was published March of 1908 and is entitled “A Mind that Found Itself.”  This is a biography written by the author after his complete recovery from a mental illness.  He describes conditions in a state hospital during the same time period Annie was living in one.  The man’s name is Clifford W Beers.  People who were admitted at the turn of the century were often treated cruelly.  The people who were hired were untrained and needed no qualifications.  Add to this the low wage and one may understand that people who hired to watch the sick used physical restraints and force to control their assigned subjects.  Besides having their freedoms and dignity taken away, they were assigned to one style of clothes to wear.   

“According to Annie’s records Annie was rational at times and then would have a sudden stroke of passion come over her.  While Annie was in the state hospital she wrote to her children.  She was capable of writing beautiful intelligent letters.  At times she was in possession of her mental abilities.  Unfortunately her children never answered her letters, which only worsened the way she felt about herself.  The children were young, the oldest in her mid-teens.  But the lack of support of her children and all other family relatives must have made her very lonely and given her a feeling of unhappiness and probably despair.  Also, Joseph, her husband, must have been frustrated after taking her out of the state hospitals three different times and unable to help her.  The circumstances would try the patience of any man.  Joseph and Annie were given certain trials in this life which would be hard to bear by most people.  Perhaps their trials in this life will help their standing before God in the next.  A feeling of empathy for them comes over the author when he thinks of their lives and their loneliness.   

“All of the children of Joseph and Annie, who lived past the age of 20, joined The Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints.  John, William, and Joseph Nelson were all baptized 10 January 1902.  Rosa was baptized 6 February 1902.  Margaret, Mary, and Annette Josephine had short lives.  Mary died of typhoid fever 21 September 1899 being 14 years and two months old.  Her sister, Rosa, said she chided her sister and told her, “You’re not sick because your face is so pink.”  Mary unfortunately died the next day.  The children did not realize it was the high fever that caused her cheek’s to be so flushed.  Mary was baptized in the St. Andrew church in Ellensburg 25 Jul 1886 with two of her cousins, Elizabeth and Hubert.  She was just one year old.  Her headstone is on the main road or trail which runs through the Holy Cross Cemetery in Ellensburg.  Her headstone is facing away from the road so you would need to go to the back to see the words.  The original road was moved from in front of her headstone to the back of her headstone.  The headstone reads, Mary dau. of Joseph and Anna Jonas born 17 Jul 1885 died 21 Sep 1899.  She is buried next to her grandfather, Hubert Jonas and close to her sister, Margaret, and Uncle William Jonas.  Her baptism and death records are at St. Andrew’s church.  Margaret died of Bright’s disease.  Bright’s disease is characterized by heightened blood pressure.  The city paper called the Ellensburg Dawn dated 22 Sep 1904 reads, “Miss Jonas, daughter of Joe Jonas died Sat of Bright’s disease.”  Margaret was born 17 Jun 1884 in Logan, Cache county, Utah.  No records were found for her baptism in Ellensburg, although she was baptized.  We have pictures of her graduation from catechism.  Margaret was the only daughter who had red hair like her mother.  Margaret was the only child who went back to Washington with her father sometime in 1901.  She lived in Thorpe when she died.  She has a beautiful headstone with a lot of detail embossed on it and these words, “Margaret beloved dau of Joseph and Annie Jonas died 17 Sep 1904 aged 30 years 3 months.”  Both Margaret’s and Mary’s headstones were bought by grandpa Joseph Jonas.  We know that because grandma was absent from the family during both deaths.  Margaret also had a 4″ X 6 1/2″ card made at the time of her death.  This card, too, was Joseph’s idea.  The card is in a silver and black print with white background.  There is a bird that has a paper in its mouth with the following description, “Let us be patient: These severe afflictions not from the ground arise, but often times celestial benedictions assume this dark disguise.”  There is a small arch with “In Living Remembrance of.”  Then a box elaborately decorated with, “Margaret Jonas” died Sep 17, 1904 aged 20 years and 3 months.”  Then at the bottom in silver letters the following poem.  “We miss thee from our home, dear, We miss the sunshine of thy face.  We miss thy kind and willing hand, Thy fond and earnest care, Our home is dark without thee, We miss thee everywhere.”  Joseph Jonas’ sentiments are realized to a degree by the headstone and card he left behind.  He was obviously deeply hurt by his daughter’s death.    

 

Margaret Jonas

“Another interesting story we have, which gives us insight to Joseph’s personality, is how he handled his three son’s misbehaving.  The three Jonas boys, John, William, and Joseph, had been caught stealing apples.  Joseph was very upset.  But instead of doing something immediately he went and chopped some wood for the fire.  He chopped long enough to get rid of some of his anger.  Then he disciplined his three boys.  Joseph had a quick temper, but this story reveals his attempt to control his temper.  If Joseph came home and got upset he was capable of turning the furniture over.  However, Rosa’s children who knew Joseph Jonas really loved him.  Rosa said that she had often wished she had sealed her mother’s sister, Charlotte, to him after he died.   

William Nelson Jonas

“Joseph gave annual donations to his church.  One record reveals the following: “Mr Joe Jonas paid $5.00 this 11 day of October.”  Also, 5 July 1910-paid $5.00 for cemetery care; 1911-his name was written for contributions; 1912 contribution of $3.00; 1913 contribution of $10.00.  Joseph was also one of the witnesses when his brother, William, sold his land on the 18th of October 1905.  The above records reveal faith in God.  Also, there were probably other donations before 1910 that weren’t recorded.    We have a census record for Joseph in the following years; 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, 1887, 1900, 1910.  We learn from the 1900 census that the family lived in Cle Elum, a place north west of Ellensburg, at which time they were renting a house.  The 1910 year has Joseph living in the South Kittitas Precinct.  He was living in a house with two single men, who were also of German extraction and were also workers for the railroad.  Joseph was 51 years old and his roommates were 47 and 56 years old.  He told the man taking the census that he was the head of his family and that he was a widower.  next to Joseph’s name on the 1910 census is the record of seven men who were living in a section house.  Joseph was most likely living in the foreman’s house that was owned by the railroad.  Counting the two people living with him it is likely that Joseph was the foreman of nine men during this summer work.     

Margaret Jonas

“On 19 February 1912 Joseph Jonas went to a notary and recorded the following affidavit: “Joseph Jonas to public.  Joseph Jonas, being first duly sworn, on oath states: That he is a brother of William Jonas who died in Kittitas County Washington, Oct 11, 1905; that said William Jonas died seized the following real estate situated in said Kittitas County, to wit: the south west quarter of section twenty three (23) in township eighteen (18) north of range eighteen (18) east, W.M.; that said William Jonas at the time of his death was a widower, his wife, Emma Jonas, having died in said Kittitas county, on March 17, 1898, intestate: that said William Jonas was married once; that George Jonas, son of said William and Emma died on the third day of July, 1908, at the age of ten years, intestate.”   

“Joseph Jonas was a hard working man.  He was strict with his family, and was a good provider.  He often helped neighbors by letting them stay in his house and by feeding them.  One time grandmother, Annie, had made some rolls and jam which were given to a visitor.  The man decided that he didn’t want to eat the food so after he got outside he gave the food a toss.  Joseph saw this and gave the man a verbal tongue lashing.  Also, Grandpa one day was cooking a pan of eggs.  It was a large fry pan.  A fly landed into the eggs, so he threw the eggs, fly and all, into the fire.   

“About 1907 Joseph was visiting his daughter, Rosa.  He needed some help on his section gang.  So his son-in-law, Christian Anderson, went to Washington and worked on the railroad.  His son-in-law thought Joseph was a good man to work for and after Joseph died he made a wooden cross for his grave.   

“When Joseph was 58 years old he came to Utah to die at his daughter’s home in Richmond, Utah.  Joseph had sugar diabetes and dropsy.  He had been sick for a year and six months before he died.  He stayed at Rosa’s home for about two months before he passed away.  Lillian, Joseph Nelson Jonas’ wife, who remembered seeing Joseph said that he was a handsome man even on his death bed.  He died 28 Jun 1917 at 3:00 A.M. and was buried 30 Jun 1917 in the Richmond Cemetery.  He has a headstone.  It is exactly like his wife’s headstone and were both placed on the graves by a member of the Jonas family years after their deaths.  The records aren’t clear, but the only sibling they had who could have bought these headstones was William Nelson Jonas.  All the other siblings had died rather early in life.     

Joseph Nelson Jonas and Lillian Coley Jonas

“During one of the visits Joseph made to his daughter, Rosa, in Richmond, Utah, Rosa had forgotten to put Annie’s picture away.  Joseph picked it up and said, “They didn’t tell me when you passed away, but you came to me so I knew you were dead.”   

“Some time after Cy Anderson was born, the first grandson of Joseph and Annette, Joseph made a visit to Utah to see the family.  That was probably in 1908.  Joseph bought him some new clothes, a sailor’s outfit.  During his visits he would ask the children to help their mother.  Joseph would be standing at the top of the stairs and would toss someone a nickel and say, “clean up the table for your mother and the nickel is yours.”  The grandchildren who knew Joseph really like him.  Joseph rejected any attempt his children made to convert him to the LDS Church.  But Joseph was a religious man, and believed in God.   

“Rosa loved to take her father’s coat and smell the lapel when he came to visit.  She liked to smell the smoke from the big cigar Grandpa smoked.   

John and Nellie (Andersen) Jonas

“Grandpa Joseph Jonas lived to see his wife, Annie, die; three of his daughters; both of his parents; his brother, William, and Emma his sister-in-law all die.  He lived away from his four living children for most of their lives.  He was a man with a family, but wasn’t able to be with them very much for the last 16 years of his life.  He was very much alone except for friends he made in Washington.  Grandma, Annette Nelson Jonas, except for a few brief months, spent the last 11 years of her life alone or in the company of strangers.  Annie experienced her family’s lack of support and certainly a broken heart sped her to an early death.  One may wonder why some people are asked to suffer such hardships in life.  Yet, we should always appreciate them for giving us our lives and for the sacrifices they made in raising a large family.  They provided for and loved their children, and raised them well under extreme hardships.

Open primaries bill introduced in Congress

Golden Spike National Historic Park

Jupiter at Golden Spike National Historic Park Sep 2020

We took a trip to Golden Spike in September 2020 for the kids to experience some Utah history. It was well worth the drive out to Promontory, Utah.

The Golden Spike has some significance on Amanda’s line. Her ancestor, Joseph Wayment, is standing in the photo taken 10 May 1869 on that momentous occasion. Below is a copy of the photo. You can see him with the hat and long beard. Look at the train on the left and the man standing right below the train light with his jacket open and white shirt; the man whose head is in front of that man’s right thigh (behind the guy with the partially raised hat). That is Joseph Wayment. Joseph Wayment was born 7 February 1844 in Whaddon, Cambridgeshire, England and passed 20 December 1931 in Ogden, Weber, Utah. He is buried in Warren. I wrote of his parents William and Martha Wayment previously.

Another interesting bit of history is that Joseph Wayment came to the United States on the ship “Amazon.” This is the same ship that my Stoker ancestors came to the United States. Not only is it the same ship, it is the same trip of the ship. Here is part of the history I wrote for William and Emma Stoker.

Joseph Wayment departed from London on a ship called “Amazon” 4 June 1863 (His parents and some siblings traveled later on “Nevada” in 1878).  George Q Cannon dedicated the ship which was entirely of Saints (880+) headed for Zion.  It was this same ship that Charles Dickens wrote that the Mormons were not taking misfits and scoundrels, but the “pick and flower” of England.  Even George Sutherland, future U.S. Supreme Court Justice was on this ship.  Here is a link to the story by Charles Dickens: The Uncommercial Traveller.  The LDS church also tells of the story that day at this link: Amazon Departure.  The ship sailed to Liverpool before finally heading out for America.

The “Amazon” landed at Castle Gardens, New York, New York on 18 July 1863.  The Saints took rail to Albany, Albany, New York and then to Florence, Douglas, Nebraska through Detroit, Wayne, Michigan.  From there they hoofed it on to Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah Territory arriving 3 and 4 October 1863 (depending on which of the two companies), just in time for General Conference.  Several of the company wrote of Brigham Young coming out to greet them and giving them advice. Brigham sent Joseph to Salt Creek (now Warren) to settle. He later was the first road supervisor and the father of the first born white child of Warren, Sarah Wayment in 1875.

I will have to spend some time telling more of Joseph and Ann Reed Wayment’s story another time.

My own limited tie to Promontory is just the fact the Sharps, taking my Grandpa Milo Ross, used to drive past the site out to harvest salt.

Hiram, James, Paul, and Aliza Ross on 7 September 2020
Hiram, Amanda, Aliza, and Paul Ross, Bryan Hemsley, Lillian and James Ross, and Jill Hemsley

Star of Bethlehem

The Story of the Star in the East

Someone once observed, “The universe is composed of stories, not atoms.” The Star of Bethlehem is certainly a story, as is most of the Bible, first and foremost. It is also a mystery, involving not only theology and astronomy but also history and even astrology. What do we know about the Star of Bethlehem? The popular conception is summarized in the Christmas carol:

We three kings of Orient are
Bearing gifts we traverse afar,
Field and fountain, moor and mountain,
Following yonder star.

O star of wonder, star of night,
Star of royal beauty bright,
Westward leading, still proceeding,
Guide us to thy perfect light.

We all know this carol as the story of the Star, which is fine—except for the fact that almost everything in it is wrong. The actual New Testament account of the Star of Bethlehem comes from the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew:

Jesus was born at Bethlehem in Judaea during the reign of Herod. After his birth astrologers [Magi] from the East arrived in Jerusalem, asking, “Where is the newborn king of the Jews? We observed the rising of his star, and we have come to pay him homage.” King Herod was greatly perturbed when he heard this, and so was the whole of Jerusalem. He called together the chief priests and scribes of the Jews and asked them where the Messiah was to be born. “At Bethlehem in Judaea,” they replied, “for this is what the prophet wrote: ‘Bethlehem in the land of Judah, you are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you shall come a ruler to be the shepherd of my people Israel.’”

Then Herod summoned the astrologers to meet him secretly, and ascertained from them the exact time when the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem, and said, “Go and make a careful search for the child, and when you have found him, bring me word, so that I may go myself and pay him homage.”

After hearing what the king had to say they set out; there before them was the star they had seen rising, and it went ahead of them until it stopped above the place where the child lay. They were overjoyed at the sight of it and, entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother and bowed low in homage to him; they opened their treasure chests and presented gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Then they returned to their own country by another route, for they had been warned in a dream not to go back to Herod.

This is not a fabulous tale. It does not conjure up fantastic details or images, and it is told in a rather mundane fashion, not at all like a fable. It is also the only account we have of the Star in our Bible. Admittedly, later non-canonical sources like the Protovangelium of James and an epistle of Ignatius did elaborate on the story, calling the Star the brightest star in the sky, brighter than all other stars combined, even including the sun and the moon, which bowed down before it. But Matthew is very matter-of-fact. It has also been suggested that this is a commentary by Matthew, always fond of referring to Old Testament prophecies, on Balaam’s oracle in the Book of Numbers that “a star shall come forth out of Jacob and a scepter shall rise out of Israel.” But it would be uncharacteristic of Matthew to refrain from pointing out this prophecy explicitly, had he had it in mind.

The Historical Perspective

To understand this story, we must view it in the context of its time. Who were these Magi? Where did they come from? Magi is the plural of Magus, the root of our word magic, and “court astrologers” is probably the best translation, although “wise men” is also a good term, descriptive of the esteem in which they were widely held. The group of Magi in question came “from the East.” They might have been Zoroastrians, Medes, Persians, Arabs, or even Jews. They probably served as court advisors, making forecasts and predictions for their royal patrons based on their study of the stars, about which they were quite knowledgeable. Magi often wandered from court to court, and it was not unusual for them to cover great distances in order to attend the birth or crowning of a king, paying their respects and offering gifts. It is not surprising, therefore, that Matthew would mention them as validation of Jesus’ kingship, or that Herod would regard their arrival as a very serious matter.

When might these Magi have appeared in Judaea? Obviously, determining the story’s date is important if we are to look for astronomical connections. We might assume that it was around 1 B.C. or 1 A.D., since that is when, by conventional reckoning, Jesus was born. But the calendar on which these dates are based was set by the Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 A.D., long after the fact. Scholars writing in the first and second centuries A.D. asserted that Jesus was born between what we now call 4 B.C. and 1 B.C. They were living much closer to the event and had access to thousands of historical records in many excellent libraries, and their opinions probably should be given much more weight than has been common.

How about the time of the year? The best clue is a passage in the Book of Luke:

And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night.

If the reference to “fields” is accurate—not pastures or holding pens—we might guess at a date in late summer or early fall, for it was customary for farmers to allow sheep and cattle to graze the stubble in the fields following the harvest. This clue is suggestive, but hardly definitive.

One difficulty in seeking a precise date is the fact that Matthew reports two different sightings, possibly separated by a substantial time. First, the Magi saw the Star rising en anatole, best translated as “rising in the East,” the ancient technical term for an acronical rising, when an object rises at sunset and is visible all night. After they come to Jerusalem—we do not know how long that took, and there is no indication that the Star was in any way involved with the journey—they see the Star again as they travel the few miles to Bethlehem:

There before them was the star they had seen rising, and it went ahead of them until it stopped above the place where the child lay.

There was no need for a bright or supernatural guiding light to find Bethlehem from Jerusalem; it lies just five miles south on the main road. There is a reference not to the “house” of an infant (brephos in the Greek) but of a paidion, or toddler, indicating that some months may have elapsed since the birth itself.

What are the astronomical possibilities? This question has been asked many times since the Christian apologist Origen first raised it around 250 A.D. It is safe to say that every astronomical event known to have occurred during, say, the decade of interest has at some point been proposed as the Star of Bethlehem. The key point to answering this question is to note that it is not just any astronomical event that is of interest. We can restrict our inquiry to those appearances that would have had astrological significance to the Magi, who declared:

“We observed the rising of his star, and we have come to pay him homage.”

An astrological event may not have been very obvious at all; certainly it was not obvious to Herod. Had it been an incomparably bright object, as later writers thought, there would be numerous written records of it. It is much more plausible that the Star of Bethlehem went unnoticed by all but a few experts such as the Magi.

The Death of Herod

A major key to the chronology is the date of the death of Herod the Great, the father of another Herod—Herod Antipas, who executed John the Baptist and who ruled at the time of the Crucifixion. Herod the Great was alive when the Star of Bethlehem appeared, and the commonly quoted date for his death is 4 B.C. Thus dates of 7 B.C. through 4 B.C. are often given for the birth of Jesus. The political events of this period are best known from the writings of Josephus Flavius, the Jewish historian who lived from 37 A.D. to about 95 A.D. His testimony has always been considered vital in determining these dates. But the accounts of Josephus and the entire history of this period have been reassessed recently, with important new results, by Ernest Martin, whose book, The Star that Astonished the World (ASK Publications, 1991), has become the authoritative source on the subject.

According to Josephus, on the night of a lunar eclipse Herod executed two rabbis. They were accused of inciting some young men to climb up on the wall and tear down the golden eagle that the king had ordered placed on the gate to the Temple in Jerusalem. This eagle was, of course, an abomination to the Jews because it was a graven image. Soon after this incident, Herod died and was buried. One of his sons inherited his throne shortly before Passover was celebrated. It was long believed that the lunar eclipse in question occurred on March 13 in 4 B.C. But this was only a partial eclipse (40 percent total) and fairly hard to detect. And it occurred only 29 days before Passover. Here is what would have had to happen in those 29 days:

Herod was sick at the time of the execution of the rabbis, and his condition worsened almost immediately. He was treated for a time by his physicians, to no avail. He then decided to pack up the royal household and move to Jericho to take the baths. He tried the baths unsuccessfully for some days and then returned to Jerusalem. Believing that he soon would die, Herod came up with a diabolical plan to insure that all of Israel would mourn his death, in spite of his unpopularity. He commanded the leading men from around the country to come to Jerusalem; there he imprisoned them in the Hippodrome and ordered the army to execute them as soon as he was dead. Israel would indeed mourn, he vowed. (Fortunately, the order was not carried out.)

In the meantime, word arrived from Rome that Herod finally had the Emperor’s permission to execute his rebellious son Antipater, and he promptly complied. Five days later Herod died, but not before decreeing that his was to be the largest funeral ever held in the history of the world. His body was embalmed. The army was assembled to carry his body in the funeral procession to a burial site some 25 miles away. The soldiers walked in bare feet, as was required when in mourning, traveling one mile a day. A legate from Rome, where word of Herod’s death had been received, arrived to protect the royal treasury. Finally, Herod’s son Archelaus was crowned king and had time to issue a few decrees prior to the celebration of Passover.

The 29 days between the eclipse of 4 B.C. and the following Passover simply did not allow enough time for all of this to have happened. A minimum of ten weeks would have been required. But on January 10, 1 B.C., there was a total lunar eclipse visible in Palestine, and it occurred twelve and a half weeks before Passover.

As Martin points out, there are other compelling reasons to regard 1 B.C. as the true date of Herod’s death. For example, the War of Varus, known to have followed Herod’s death, can be redated to 1 B.C., where it fits the other known facts perfectly. As a clincher, it has recently been discovered that Josephus himself dated Herod’s death to 1 B.C.; a sixteenth century copyist’s error is responsible for the incorrect date, which has been propagated to modern editions of Josephus.

If we conclude that Herod did die in the spring of 1 B.C., we are free to add the years 3 B.C. and 2 B.C. to our search for the Star of Bethlehem. What was happening then? The year 2 B.C. marked the 25th anniversary of Caesar Augustus’s rule and the 750th anniversary of the founding of Rome. Huge celebrations were planned. The whole empire was at peace. The doors of the temple of Janus were closed for only the third time in Roman history. To honor their emperor, the people were to rise as one and name him pater patriae, or “Father of the Country.” Now, getting the people of an empire to do something “spontaneously” requires a great deal of organization. And so an enrollment, or census, was ordered:

In those days, a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled…And all went to be enrolled, each to his own city.

This enrollment, described in the Book of Luke, which brought Joseph and Mary to Bethlehem, has always been a mystery since no regular census occurred at this time. But the pater patriae enrollment fits perfectly.

The Astronomical Perspective

What astronomical events, possibly in the years 3 or 2 B.C., might have been related to the Star of Bethlehem? A nova—the unexpected, sudden brightening of a star from invisibility into a bright object for a period of days or weeks—has been suggested. But there is no historical record of such a nova, nor is it clear what a nova’s astrological significance would be. Origen himself suggested a comet, for comets appear sporadically, move, and can even seem to point down to the earth. But the recorded comets around this time, even Halley’s Comet in 12 B.C., were not very impressive; astrologically, they were considered ominous. Meteors and fireballs are even less likely candidates.

Conjunctions of planets have also long been considered good possibilities. A conjunction is a close apparent approach between two celestial objects. Technically speaking, a conjunction occurs at the moment when both objects have the same celestial longitude; one is due north of the other. The closer the objects, the more visually impressive the event and the more significant astrologically. In 3 B.C. and 2 B.C., there was a series of close conjunctions involving Jupiter, the planet that represented kingship, coronations, and the birth of kings. In Hebrew, Jupiter was known as Sedeq or “Righteousness,” a term also used for the Messiah.

In September of 3 B.C., Jupiter came into conjunction with Regulus, the star of kingship, the brightest star in the constellation of Leo. Leo was the constellation of kings, and it was associated with the Lion of Judah. The royal planet approached the royal star in the royal constellation representing Israel. Just a month earlier, Jupiter and Venus, the Mother planet, had almost seemed to touch each other in another close conjunction, also in Leo. Then the conjunction between Jupiter and Regulus was repeated, not once but twice, in February and May of 2 B.C. Finally, in June of 2 B.C., Jupiter and Venus, the two brightest objects in the sky save the sun and the moon, experienced an even closer encounter when their disks appeared to touch; to the naked eye they became a single object above the setting sun. This exceptionally rare spectacle could not have been missed by the Magi.

In fact, we have seen here only the highlights of an impressive series of planetary motions and conjunctions fraught with a variety of astrological meanings, involving all the other known planets of the period: Mercury, Mars, and Saturn. The astrological significance of these impressive events must surely have been seen by the Magi as the announcement of the impending birth of a great king of Israel.

September 11, 3 B.C., is perhaps the most interesting date of all. Not only was Jupiter very close to Regulus in the first of their conjunctions, but the sun was in the constellation of Virgo (of obvious symbolism), together with the new moon, in a configuration that fits a plausible interpretation of a passage in the Book of Revelation describing the birth of a male child who is to be the ruler of the universe. Significantly, September 11, 3 B.C., also marked the beginning of the Jewish New Year, traditionally regarded as the anniversary of Noah’s landing after the Great Flood.

But if the planet Jupiter was the Star of Bethlehem, or was a component of the events that triggered the visit by the Magi, how do we view the final appearance of the Star on their journey to Bethlehem? It would have been in the southern sky, though fairly high above the horizon. Could the Star have stopped over Bethlehem? The answer is yes. The word “stop” was used for what we now call a planet’s “stationary point.” A planet normally moves eastward through the stars from night to night and month to month, but regularly exhibits a “retrograde loop.” After it passes the opposite point in the sky from the sun, it appears to slow, come to a full stop, and move backward (westward) through the sky for some weeks. Again it slows, stops, and resumes its eastward course.

It seems plausible that the Magi were “overjoyed” at again seeing before them, as they traveled southward, “his star,” Jupiter, which at its stationary point was standing still over Bethlehem. We do know for certain that Jupiter performed a retrograde loop in 2 B.C. and that it was stationary on December 25, interestingly enough, during Hanukkah, the season for giving presents.

What Room for God?

Where has this search for the Star of Bethlehem taken us? There has been much discussion in recent years about the “God of the gaps”—finding God in the gaps between the portions of some subject that we feel we understand scientifically. It seems to me that this is a dangerous position, for science by definition cannot admit to such gaps and must search continually to fill them with its understanding, and it often will succeed in so doing. Here the situation is different. The question is: What meaning, what room for God, do we find in the events that we know to have occurred?

If we have correctly identified the Star of Bethlehem, the science is clear and simple. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was the German astronomer who discovered the physical laws describing planetary orbits. These orbits are so predictable that we can deduce quite accurately what the sky looked like two thousand years ago. Even the ancient Magi understood apparent planetary motions quite well. Predictions of the conjunction of 3 and 2 B.C. were made 400 years prior to the birth of Christ, and they were in error by only a few days. There is no need to invoke God or divine miracles to explain what happened in the heavens above Judaea. Natural laws are sufficient.

But is this kind of sufficiency really enough for us? The significant question raised here is not what happened, but why it happened. What does it mean? Was Matthew right in seeing this event as divine confirmation of a central moment in God’s plan for mankind? What room is left for God, not as an agent filling in the gaps between what we can understand as physical causes, but as the creator of purpose? Was God’s purpose fulfilled by the great celestial dance that we call the Star of Bethlehem?

These are examples of the kind of questions we are faced with daily. No theologian can say, in a way convincing to a scientist, that some event required an act of God outside natural law. Similarly, no scientist can say that some event was merely (a dangerous word) an act of natural law working itself out with no other meaning. That is, no one is forced to believe that what happened in the heavens two thousand years ago was a simple, natural event devoid of meaning. The Star of Bethlehem was an excellent example of an event that occurs right at the intersection of Christianity and science, in a world created by a God who chose to institute natural laws but who nevertheless continues to carry out His own purposes.

Imprimus, December 1996, Volume 25, Number 12 – Craig Chester

• Volume 25, Number 12Craig Chester